Pythagoras provides us with a method calculating the distance to the horizon.
In the diagram below,
A represents a ship’s position.
B is the top of the lighthouse.
B1 is the base of the lighthouse.
C is the Earth’s centre.
r is the radius of the Earth.
h is the height of the lighthouse.
By Pythagoras:
AB2 = CB2 – AC2
→ AB2 = (r + h)2 – r2
→ AB2 = 2rh + h2
→ AB = √(2rh + h2)
(Note. h2 can be discounted since r is many, many times greater than h).
So the formula for calculating the distance from the top of an object to the horizon becomes: √(2rh)
Example. Calculating the distance to an object on the horizon.
In the following example, we will imagine that the Pharos Lighthouse (ht. 120m.) is the object in question.
Note. Since the heights of objects marked on modern navigational charts are usually given in metres, it would be easier to calculate the distance in kilometres instead of nautical miles.
Since we know that the mean radius of the Earth is 6367.45 Km. and the height of the Pharos light was 120m. we can put these values into the formula √(2rh) as follows:
Distance =√ (2×6367.45 x 120/1000) (divide h by 1000 to convert to Km.)
= √(12734.9 x 0.12)
= √1528.18
= 39.09 Km.
To convert to nautical miles: 1 nautical mile = 1.85 Km. so, if we want to convert the answer to nautical miles, we must divide by 1.85. (In fact, it is easier to multiply by 0.54 which is the inverse of 1.85). Thank you David Cooper).
So the answer to the above example in nautical miles becomes: 39.09 x 0.54 = 21.1 n.m.
Therefore, assuming the observer is at sea level, the top of the lighthouse would become visible at a distance of 39.09 Km. or 21.1 n.m.
Summary of Formulas for finding the distance from the top of an object to the horizon, :
D = √(2rh)
D = √(12734.9 x h/1000) Km.
D = √(12734.9 x h/1000) x 0.54 n.m.
What about the height of eye? The above calculation was made with the assumption that the observer’s eye is at sea level. Of course, the height of the observer’s eye will be several metres above sea level (say 3 – 4 m. in a yacht or small fishing vessel). So the height of eye must obviously be taken into account and the problem now becomes as shown in the following diagram:
A represents the observer,
B represents the top of the lighthouse,
T represents the horizon,
h1 represents the observer’s height of eye (say 4m.)
h2 represents the height of the lighthouse (120m.).
So, we have AB = AT + BT
To calculate the value of AB, we must first calculate the values of AT and BT.
Using the formula that we previously established for finding the distance from the top of an object to the horizon, we have:
AB = √(2rh1) + √(2rh2)
Given that r = 6367.45 Km. h1 = 4m. and h2 = 120m.
we have:
D = √(2 x 6367.45 x h1/1000) +√ (2 x 6367.45 x h2/1000) Km.
= √(12734.9 x 4/1000) + √(12734.9 x 120/1000) Km.
= √(12734.9 x 0.004) + √(12734.9 x 0.12) Km.
= 7.1 + 39.09 Km.
= 46.19 Km.
To convert to nautical miles, we have:
D = 46.19 x 0.54 = 24.9 n.m.
So we can see that taking the observer’s height of eye into account makes quite a difference to the result.
Summary of formula for calculating the distance that an object will appear on the horizon taking into account height of eye:
D = √(2rh1) + √(2rh2)
D = √(12734.9 x h1/1000) +√ (12734.9 x h2/1000) Km.
Or D = √(12734.9 x h1/1000) + √(12734.9 x h2/1000) x 0.54 n.m.
What about the height of tide?
The height of objects shown on navigational charts is the height above the level for ‘mean high water springs’ (MHWS) which is used as the chart datum for heights. When navigating in areas where there is a large tidal range, the height of tide in relation to MHWS must be taken into account if the charted height of the object is being used in navigational calculations. For example, in the vicinity of the Channel Islands, the height of tide at low water springs can be in the region of 7.5 metres below the level for MHWS and in such circumstances, 7.5 metres would obviously need to be added to the charted heights of objects.
A fuller explanation of this topic is given in ‘Astro Navigation Demystified’
Astro Navigation Demystified 
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